What is remarkable about the rotation of Uranus?

What is remarkable about the rotation of Uranus?



a) Its rotation period is very long (about 12 years)
b) Its rotation axis lies in its orbital plane
c) Its rotation axis always points at the sun
d) Its rotation period varies from year to year




Answer: B

How does Saturn produce its magnetic field?

How does Saturn produce its magnetic field?




A. Hot rich iron core
B. Circulation of metallic hydrogen
C. Does not have a magnetic field
D. Through its magnetosphere




Answer: B

What is the atmosphere of Venus made up of?

What is the atmosphere of Venus made up of?



A. 75% Hydrogen 25% Helium
B. 25% Hydrogen 75% helium
C. Oxygen
D. 33% Oxygen, 47% Nitrogen, 20% Helium





Answer: A

How does Saturn compare to Jupiter?

How does Saturn compare to Jupiter?



A. it is less massive but has more colorful clouds
B. it is more massive and has more colorful clouds
C. it is more massive but has less colorful clouds
D. it is less massive and has less colorful clouds





Answer: D

Jupiter has an unusual motion, this is called ____?

Jupiter has an unusual motion, this is called ____?




A. Very slow retrograde motion
B. Resonance rotation
C. Fast differential rotation
D. Very fast retrograde motion
E. Slow differential rotation



Answer: C

The cloud layers of giant planets maintain different compositions because of?

The cloud layers of giant planets maintain different compositions because of?



A. Different materials freeze out at different temperatures
B. The winds are higher in the outer atmosphere
C. The Coriolis effect only applies when close to the core of the planet
D. There is no convection in giant gas planets




Answer: A

How big is Jupiter's magnetosphere?

How big is Jupiter's magnetosphere?



A. 40 million km across
B. 20 million km across
C. 50 million km across
D. 30 million km across





Answer: D

What are the strongest winds on Jupiter?

What are the strongest winds on Jupiter? 



A. Westerly winds
B. Easterly winds
C. None since there is no gravity
D. Equatorial westerlies
E. Negative eastern winds






Answer: D

Hydrostatic equilibrium in our Sun is the balance between:

Hydrostatic equilibrium in our Sun is the balance between:



A) Convection and radiation
B) Convection and gravitation
C) Pressure and radiation
D) Radiation and gravitation
E) Gravitation and pressure




Answer: E

The body which wiped out the dinosaurs was about:

The body which wiped out the dinosaurs was about:




A) As big as out Moon
B) As big as one of Mars' moons
C) A few hundred meters across
D) As big as a 747
E) As big as an SUV



Answer: B

Meteor shower debris is believed to come from:

Meteor shower debris is believed to come from:




A) The asteroid belt when Mars deflects it toward us annually
B) The core of a differentiated type M asteroid, now broken up
C) The crust of a differentiated type C asteroid, now broken up
D) The disintegration of a short period comet over many returns to the Sun
E) Deep space, far beyond the solar system, defected by the gravity of another star



Answer: D

What are comets made of?

What are comets made of?




A) Silicates and rocky dust
B) Metallic dust particles
C) Dark colored complex hydrocarbons
D) Methane,ammonia, and water ice
E) All of the above





Answer: E

Why do researchers believe that asteroids in the asteroid belt are primal rocks that did not merge into a planet?

Why do researchers believe that asteroids in the asteroid belt are primal rocks that did not merge into a planet?



A) The total mass of the asteroids in the asteroid belt is much smaller than that of any terrestrial planet in our solar system
B) the differences in chemical compositions of the asteroids are too large for them to have originated in a single body
C) Jupiter's gravity could have prevented these objects merging into single body
D) All of the above
E) None of the above




Answer: D

Green light has a shorter wavelength than orange light. In a 5-inch telescope, green light will:

Green light has a shorter wavelength than orange light. In a 5-inch telescope, green light will:




A) Provide better angular resolution than orange light
B) Come to the same exact focus as orange light
C) Provide worse angular resolution than orange light
D) Allow dimmer stars to be observed
E) Reduce the effects of atmospheric turbulence



Answer: A

What are two advantages of large scopes over smaller ones?

What are two advantages of large scopes over smaller ones?




A) Large scopes have a larger field of view and sharper focus
B) Large scopes are not subject to atmospheric turbulence and opacity like smaller ones
C) Large scopes are easier to mount and control than small ones
D) Large telescope have more light grasp and better resolution
E) Large telescopes give higher magnification and are easier to build



Answer: D

If the rest of wavelength of a certain line is 600 nm, but we observe it at 594 nm, then:

If the rest of wavelength of a certain line is 600 nm, but we observe it at 594 nm, then:



A) The source is approaching us at 1% of the speed of light
B) The source is approaching us at 0.1% of the speed of light
C) The source is receding from us at 10% of the speed of light
D) The source is getting 1% hotter as we watch
E) The source is spinning very rapidly, at 1% of the speed of light




Answer: A

The broadening of spectral lines can be caused by:

The broadening of spectral lines can be caused by:



A) Density of the hot medium
B) Thermal motion of the hot atoms
C) Rotation of the star
D) Magnetic fields of the star
E) All of the above




Answer: E

Why are the molecular lines more complex than elemental spectral lines?

Why are the molecular lines more complex than elemental spectral lines?



A) Molecules have two or more atoms
B) Molecules can vibrate and rotate as well
C) Molecules are heavier than atoms
D) Molecules are the basis of life
E) Most os the universe is made of molecules, not individual atoms




Answer: B

The Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum are actually:

The Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum are actually:



A) Emission lines from hot gases in the chromosphere of the Sun
B) Emission sections of the continuous spectrum of the photosphere
C) Zeeman lines around sunspots due to the thin outer layer above the photosphere
D) Absorption lines due to the thin outer layer able the photosphere
E) Redshifted lines due to the Sun's rotation




Answer: D

The Orion Nebula, M-42, is a hot, thin cloud of glowing gas, so its spectrum is:

The Orion Nebula, M-42, is a hot, thin cloud of glowing gas, so its spectrum is:



A) A continuum, strongest in the color red
B) A few bright lines against a dark background
C) A few dark lines in the continuum
D) A continuum, but with both bright and dark lines mixed in
E) Not in the visible portion of the spectrum




Answer: B

Typical stellar spectra appear as:

Typical stellar spectra appear as:



A) A series of bright, colored lines
B) An unbroken rainbow of colors
C) A rainbow, but with some dark lines mixed in
D) A rainbow with some bright lines on top of the continuum
E) A very redshifted rainbow due to the expansion of the universe





Answer: C

How would sunspots appear if you could magically remove them from the Sun?

How would sunspots appear if you could magically remove them from the Sun?



A) They would appear blue-white, like Sirius but brighter
B) Because sunspots are dark spots, they would be invisible against the blackness of space
C) They would shine bright orange in color, like Arcturus
D) They would not appear any differently than on the surface of the Sun
E) They would shine only with reflected sunlight, appearing similar to Venus




Answer: C

Large asteroids are thought to collide with Earth

Large asteroids are thought to collide with Earth



A) A few times in every million-year period
B) About once a century
C) Once every billion years
D) Never -- only comets are thought to collide with Earth




Answer: A

Recently, some engineers and scientists have proposed building spaceships with enormous sails that catch the solar wind and use it to move the ship. What kinds of particles would be hitting this sail to enable the propulsion?

Recently, some engineers and scientists have proposed building spaceships with enormous sails that catch the solar wind and use it to move the ship. What kinds of particles would be hitting this sail to enable the propulsion?



A) Nuclei of heavier atoms such as iron and nickel
B) Calcium atoms
C) Electrons and protons
D) Gamma-rays
E) Photons




Answer: C

Astronomers first detected the presence of the solar wind by

Astronomers first detected the presence of the solar wind by




A) Sending a spacecraft much closer to the Sun than the planet Mercury
B) Noting its effects on the atmosphere of Venus
C) Dramatic and sudden changes in the spectrum of coronium
D) Using the experiments aboard Sputnik 1, the first spacecraft ever launched
E) By noting the wind's effects on the trails of comets



Answer: E

Astronomers estimate that there may be a trill comet nuclei orbiting beyond Pluto. Why then do we not see more comets in our skies?

Astronomers estimate that there may be a trill comet nuclei orbiting beyond Pluto. Why then do we not see more comets in our skies?



A) Most comets are so small that millions pass by the Earth completely undetected
B) Most comets have orbits that only bring them in toward the Sun as far as the orbit of Jupiter
C) Many comets collide with Jupiter each year and are thus not seen
D) Most comets remain in stable orbits beyond Pluto, only a few have their orbits disturbed and come into the inner solar system
E) All the missing comets are the reason so many people report seeing UFO's




Answer: A

Comets get significantly brighter in our skies as they approach the Sun because

Comets get significantly brighter in our skies as they approach the Sun because




A) The reflect more sunlight as they get closer to the source of light
B) The tail gets bigger as the ice sublimates
C) They get closer to the Earth than when they were outside the orbit of Mars
D) They most faster and faster
E) More than one of the above




Answer: E

Which part of a comet is the densest?

Which part of a comet is the densest?



A) The nucleus
B) The coma
C) The dust tail
D) The ion tail
E) The hydrogen cloud





Answer: A

What problem is adaptive optics designed to correct?

What problem is adaptive optics designed to correct?




A) The opacity of the Earth's atmosphere
B) Defects in the optical figuring, such as with the adaptive optics on the Hubble Telescope
C) Slight tracking errors in trying to compensate for our unsteady rotation
D) The effects of atmospheric turbulence
E) The absorption of ultraviolet by the ozone layer




Answer: D

The orbits of most asteroids:

The orbits of most asteroids:



A) Lie beyond Neptune
B) Lie entirely beyond the orbit of Mars
C) Cross the orbit of Mars
D) Cross the orbit of Earth
E) Cross the orbits of all four terrestrial planets




Answer: B

Suppose you are experimenting with the spectrum produced by heated neon gas. If you double the quantity of neon and examine the resulting spectral lines, what would you expect to have changed?

Suppose you are experimenting with the spectrum produced by heated neon gas. If you double the quantity of neon and examine the resulting spectral lines, what would you expect to have changed?


A) The color of the lines
B) The Intensity of the lines
C) The wavelengths of the lines
D) The number of the lines seen
E) The pattern made by the lines





Answer: B

In the blockbuster film The Martian, which of the following would not have posed a threat to Mat Damon, had the film been scientifically accurate?

In the blockbuster film The Martian, which of the following would not have posed a threat to Mat Damon, had the film been scientifically accurate? 




A. Sand storms on mars are not enough to block the sun and reduce solar panel efficiency
B. Wind, as mars has no atmosphere.
C. Wind, as the atmospheric pressure is too low to cause the wind to have more force than an enraged butterfly.
D. Solar radiation, as Mars' magnetic field would shield him.



Answer: C

The Valles Marineris is

The Valles Marineris is



A. 4 times as deep as the Grand Canyon.
B. 4,000 km long
C. 6 times as deep as the Grand Canyon.
D. both A&B




Answer: D

What is the mass of Mars?

What is the mass of Mars?



A. .27 Earth Masses
B. .11 Earth Masses
C. .53 Earth Masses
D. 1 Earth Mass




Answer: B

Which of the following is correct about Mars?

Which of the following is correct about Mars?



A. Mars is the "sister planet" of Earth.
B. Mars has similar seasons to Earth.
C. Windblown caused a yellow color on the sky of Mars.
D. Mars has the biggest mass in Solar system.



Answer: B

Mars' surface is red, because _________.

Mars' surface is red, because _________.



A. The planet's surface temperature is over 300 Kelvin
B. its iron-bearing surface minerals are oxidizing
C. its surface is acidic
D. it formed from red star dust E. the planets atmospheric pressure is so high



Answer: B

The moon's crust is:

The moon's crust is:




A. The same thickness all around
B. Half and half thickness
C. Thicker on far side and thinner on earth side
D. Too hard to tell


Answer: C

The moon has no _____

The moon has no _____



A. atmosphere
B. craters
C. mirrors on the surface
D. gravity


Answer: A

The Radius of the Moon is

The Radius of the Moon is 



A. .3 Earths
B. .2 Earths
C. .25 Earths
D. .27 Earths




Answer: D

When was the moon formed?

When was the moon formed?



A. 2 million years ago
B. 4 million years ago
C. 5 billion years ago
D. 4.5 billion years ago


Answer: D

Compared to earthquakes, 'moonquakes',

Compared to earthquakes, 'moonquakes',



A. Are million times weaker
B. Have the same intensity
C. Are stronger than earthquakes


Answer: A

How fast does the moon travel around the Earth?

How fast does the moon travel around the Earth?



A. 3,700 kilometers per hour
B. 2,500 kilometers per hour
C. 5,630 kilometers per hour
D. 3,500 kilometers per hour



Answer: A

Who were the first two men on the Moon?

Who were the first two men on the Moon?



A. Lance Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
B. Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
C. Michael Collins and Neil Armstrong
D. Tyco Brahe and Buzz Armstrong


Answer: B

How far is the moon from the Earth?

How far is the moon from the Earth?




A. 5,000,000 Miles
B. 250,000 Miles
C. 20 Miles
D. 432,900 Miles
E. All of the above




Answer: B

What kind of rotation does the moon have?

What kind of rotation does the moon have?



A. Resonance Rotation
B. Synchronous Rotation
C. Fast Differential Rotation
D. Normal Rotation



Answer: B

What determines the Earth's tidal changes?

What determines the Earth's tidal changes? 




A. magnetic field
B. tectonic plates
C. Gravitational pull of the moon
D. Rotation of the Earth




Answer: C

What is the energy source of the Earth?

What is the energy source of the Earth?



A. the sun
B. radioactivity and heat left over from formation
C. rotation
D. centripetal motion



Answer: B

What geological activity is responsible for the Himalayas?

What geological activity is responsible for the Himalayas? 




A. Convergence of two continental plates
B. Hot Spots
C. Subduction of an oceanic plate under a continental plate
D. Meteors
E. Caloris Basin



Answer: A

Why is planet density so important?

Why is planet density so important?



A. Because it tells us the mass
B. Because it tell us the composition
C. Because it tell us the size of the planet
D. Because it tells us the distance between the planet and the sun





Answer: B

Venus has very unique clouds. What makes the clouds unique?

Venus has very unique clouds. What makes the clouds unique? 



A. They are all shaped like unicorns
B. They are all purple
C. The clouds are comprised of a unique substance known as "H2O"
D. The clouds on Venus are made from sulfuric acid.




Answer: D

What is Venus also called?

What is Venus also called? 




A. Evening Star
B. Morning Star
C. Both Morning and Evening star



Answer: C

Which of these is a scientific plan to make Venus habitable?

Which of these is a scientific plan to make Venus habitable?




A. Find spacesuits that can withstand the atmospheric pressure of Venus
B. Make friends with the inhabitants of Venus
C. Find ways to transfer liquid water from our planet to Venus
D. Place algae in Venus' atmosphere





Answer: D

Venus has:

Venus has:


A. A large hot iron rich core interior
B. Very fast retrograde rotation
C. A large mountain called Maxwell Montes
D. A and C are correct



Answer: D

Venus has

Venus has




A. the longest rotation period of any planet in the Solar System
B. 12 moons
C. evidence of life
D. Second longest distance from the sun




Answer: A

Which of the following are true about Venus

Which of the following are true about Venus



A) The temperature does not drop at night
B) The temperature changes around the poles
C) There is little wind on the ground of Venus
D) A & C



Answer: D

Mercury is what kind of planet?

Mercury is what kind of planet?



A. terrestrial planet
B. giant planet
C. dwarf planet
D. extrasolar planet




Answer: A

What causes the formation of scarps on Mercury?

What causes the formation of scarps on Mercury?



A. Plates shifting
B. Erosion from water
C. The cooling and contracting of the planet
D. Impact from passing debris
E. Aliens




Answer: C

Why does Mercury have no atmosphere?

Why does Mercury have no atmosphere?




A. High surface temperature and low mass
B. Low surface temperature and low mass
C. High surface temperature and high mass
D. Low surface temperature and high mass




Answer: A

Why is Mercury incapable of supporting life?

Why is Mercury incapable of supporting life?



A. It's too hot/dry during the day
B. It rains sulfuric acid
C. It's too cold during the night.
D. Only A and C
E. None of the above



Answer: D

How could Mercury's interior be defined as?

How could Mercury's interior be defined as?


A. Large hot iron rich core
B. Rocky core
C. Cool, iron-rich core
D. Very similar to Jupiter's




Answer: C

What is the uniqueness of Mercury's rotation?

What is the uniqueness of Mercury's rotation?



A. very slow retrograde rotation
B. resonance rotation
C. period of day is 24.6 hrs (similar to Earth)
D. fast differential rotation




Answer: B

What is the length of Mercury's solar day?

What is the length of Mercury's solar day?




A. 50 Mercury year's long
B. 1 Mercury year long
C. 2 Mercury years long
D. 5 Mercury years long


Answer: C

When did humans learn that the Earth is not the center of the universe?

When did humans learn that the Earth is not the center of the universe? 




A) within the past 500 years
B) about 2,500 years ago
C) about 1,000 years ago
D) We haven't; there is still considerable scientific debate about whether Earth is the center of the universe.



Answer: A

Which statement about motion in the universe is not true?

Which statement about motion in the universe is not true? 



A) The mysterious dark matter is the fastest-moving material in the universe.
B) Some stars in the Milky Way Galaxy are moving toward us and others are moving away from us.
C) Except for a few nearby galaxies, all other galaxies are moving away from us.
D) Your speed of rotation around Earth's axis is faster if you live near the equator than if you live near the North Pole.




Answer: A

Why do the patterns of the stars in our sky look the same from year to year?

Why do the patterns of the stars in our sky look the same from year to year? 




A) because the stars in the constellations are so far away
B) because the stars in the constellations are not moving
C) because the stars in the constellations all move at the same speeds and in the same directions, so they don't change their relative positions
D) because the stars in the constellations move so slowly—typically about the speed of a snail—that their motions are not noticeable




Answer: A

How do the speeds at which we are moving with Earth's rotation and orbit compare to the speeds of more familiar objects?

How do the speeds at which we are moving with Earth's rotation and orbit compare to the speeds of more familiar objects? 




A) Earth's rotation carries most people around the axis faster than a commercial jet travels, and Earth's orbit carries us around the Sun faster than the Space Shuttle orbits Earth.

B) Earth's rotation carries most people around the axis at about the speed of a commercial jet, and Earth's orbit carries us around the Sun at about the speed of a military jet.

C) Earth's rotation carries most people around the axis at about the speed of a car on the freeway, and Earth's orbit carries us around the Sun at about the speed of a commercial jet.

D) Earth's rotation carries most people around the axis at about the speed at which the Space Shuttle orbits Earth, and Earth's orbit carries us around the Sun at nearly the speed of light.


Answer: A

Relative to the age of the universe, how old is our solar system?

Relative to the age of the universe, how old is our solar system? 




A) It is about 1% as old as the universe.
B) It is between about 5% and 10% as old as the universe.
C) It is about one-third the age of the universe.
D) It is nearly the same age as the universe.



Answer: C

Where is our solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy?

Where is our solar system located within the Milky Way Galaxy? 



A) very near the center of the galaxy
B) at the far edge of the galaxy's visible disk
C) roughly halfway between the center and the edge of the visible disk of the galaxy
D) in the halo of the galaxy


Answer: C

The total number of stars in the observable universe is about

The total number of stars in the observable universe is about 



A) 100 billion.
B) the same as the number of grains of sand in a school sandbox.
C) the same as the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth.
D) the same as the number of atoms that make up the Earth.



Answer: C

Suppose we make a scale model of our solar system, with the Sun the size of a grapefruit. Which of the following best describes what the planets would look like?

Suppose we make a scale model of our solar system, with the Sun the size of a grapefruit. Which of the following best describes what the planets would look like? 





A) The planets are all much smaller than the Sun. Four planets are within about 20 meters of the Sun, while the rest planets are spread much farther apart.
B) The planets are all much smaller than the Sun and are spread out evenly over a distance about the length of a large classroom.
C) The planets are all much smaller than the Sun. Four planets are located within a few centimeters of the Sun, and four planets are located at distances ranging up to about a meter.
D) The planets range in size from about the size of a marble to the size of a baseball. They are spread out over a region about the size of a football field.




Answer: A

Suppose we look at two distant galaxies: Galaxy 1 is twice as far away as Galaxy 2. In this case,

Suppose we look at two distant galaxies: Galaxy 1 is twice as far away as Galaxy 2. In this case,




A) Galaxy 1 must be twice as big as Galaxy 2.
B) we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at an earlier time in the history of the universe than Galaxy 2.
C) we are seeing Galaxy 1 as it looked at a later time in the history of the universe than Galaxy 2.
D) Galaxy 2 must be twice as old as Galaxy 1.


Answer: B

When we look at an object that is 1,000 light-years away we see it

When we look at an object that is 1,000 light-years away we see it



A) as it was 1,000 years ago.
B) as it was 1,000 light-years ago.
C) as it is right now, but it appears 1,000 times dimmer.
D) looking just the same as our ancestors would have seen it 1,000 years ago.




Answer: A

How are galaxies important to our existence?

How are galaxies important to our existence? 




A) Without galaxies, there could not have been a Big Bang.
B) Without galaxies, the universe could not be expanding.
C) Deep in their centers, galaxies created the elements from which we are made.
D) Galaxies recycle material from one generation of stars to the next, and without this recycling we could not exist.

Answer: D

Using the ideas discussed in your textbook, in what sense are we "star stuff"?

Using the ideas discussed in your textbook, in what sense are we "star stuff"? 



A) The overall chemical composition of our bodies is about the same as that of stars.
B) Movie stars and other people are all made of the same stuff, so we all have the potential to be famous.
C) Nearly every atom from which we are made was once inside of a star.
D) We could not survive without light from our star, the Sun.


Answer: C

Which of the following has your "cosmic address" in the correct order?

Which of the following has your "cosmic address" in the correct order? 





A) You, Earth, solar system, Local Group, Local Supercluster, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
B) You, Earth, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Group, Local Supercluster, universe
C) You, Earth, Local Group, Local Supercluster, solar system, Milky Way Galaxy, universe
D) You, Earth, solar system, Local Group, Milky Way Galaxy, Local Supercluster, universe
E) You, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, solar system, Local Group, Local Supercluster, universe


Answer: B

What is the ecliptic plane?

What is the ecliptic plane? 



A) the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun
B) the plane of Earth's equator
C) the plane of the Sun's equator
D) the plane of the Milky Way Galaxy

Answer: A

An astronomical unit (AU) is

An astronomical unit (AU) is




A) any very large unit, such as a light-year.
B) the average distance between Earth and the Sun.
C) the current distance between Earth and the Sun.
D) the average distance between any planet and the Sun.


Answer: B

On a scale where the Sun is about the size of a grapefruit and the Earth is about 15 meters away, how far away are the nearest stars besides the Sun?

On a scale where the Sun is about the size of a grapefruit and the Earth is about 15 meters away, how far away are the nearest stars besides the Sun? 



A) 100 meters
B) about the distance across 50 football fields
C) about the distance across the state of Delaware
D) about the distance across the United States



Answer: D

The term observable universe refers to

The term observable universe refers to


A) that portion of the universe that we have so far photographed through telescopes.
B) the portion of the universe that can be seen by the naked eye.
C) the portion of the universe that is not hidden from view by, for example, being below the horizon.
D) that portion of the universe that we can see in principle, given the current age of the universe.



Answer: D

A television advertisement claiming that a product is light-years ahead of its time does not make sense because

A television advertisement claiming that a product is light-years ahead of its time does not make sense because 



A) it doesn't specify the number of light-years.
B) it uses "light-years" to talk about time, but a light-year is a unit of distance.
C) a light-year is an astronomically large unit, so a product could not possibly be so advanced.
D) light-years can only be used to talk about light.


Answer: B

What do we mean when we say that the universe is expanding?

What do we mean when we say that the universe is expanding? 




A) Everything in the universe is gradually growing in size.
B) Within galaxies, average distances between star systems are increasing with time.
C) The statement is not meant to be literal; rather, it means that our knowledge of the universe is growing.
D) Average distances between galaxies are increasing with time.

Answer: D

What do astronomers mean by the Big Bang?

What do astronomers mean by the Big Bang? 



A) the event that marked the beginning of the expansion of the universe
B) a gigantic explosion that blew all the galaxies in the universe to smithereens
C) the explosion of a massive star at the end of its life
D) the event that marked the birth of our solar system

Answer: A

Which of the following best describes what we mean by the universe?

Which of the following best describes what we mean by the universe?



A) the sum total of all matter and energy
B) a vast collection of stars that number as many as the grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth
C) all the galaxies in all the superclusters
D) The universe is another name for our Milky Way Galaxy.



Answer: A

A typical galaxy is a

A typical galaxy is a




A) collection of a few hundred million to a trillion or more stars, bound together by gravity.
B) large, glowing ball of gas powered by nuclear energy.
C) nearby object orbiting a planet.
D) relatively small, icy object orbiting a star.



Answer: A

Our solar system consists of

Our solar system consists of 



A) the Sun and all the objects that orbit it.
B) the Sun and the planets, and nothing else.
C) a few hundred billion stars, bound together by gravity.
D) the Sun and several nearby stars, as well as the planets and other objects that orbit these stars.



Answer: A

Which of the following is not a general difference between a planet and a star?

Which of the following is not a general difference between a planet and a star?



A) Planets are smaller than stars.
B) Planets are dimmer than stars.
C) All planets are made of rock and all stars are made of gas.
D) Planets orbit stars, while stars orbit the center of the galaxy.



Answer: C

Which scientists played a major role in overturning the ancient idea of an Earth-centered universe, and about when?

Which scientists played a major role in overturning the ancient idea of an Earth-centered universe, and about when? 




A) Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo; about 400 years ago
B) Aristotle and Copernicus; about 400 years ago
C) Newton and Einstein; about 100 years ago
D) Huygens and Newton; about 300 years ago
E) Aristotle and Plato; about 2,000 years ago



Answer: A

Imagine that we put a raisin cake into the oven, with each raisin separated from the others by 1 cm. An hour later, we take it out and the distances between raisins are 3 cm. If you lived in one of the raisins and watched the other raisins as the cake expanded, which of the following would you conclude?

Imagine that we put a raisin cake into the oven, with each raisin separated from the others by 1 cm. An hour later, we take it out and the distances between raisins are 3 cm. If you lived in one of the raisins and watched the other raisins as the cake expanded, which of the following would you conclude?




A) All raisins would be moving away from you at the same speed.
B) More distant raisins would be moving away from you faster.
C) More distant raisins would be moving away from you more slowly.
D) It depends: If you lived in a raisin near the edge of the cake, you'd see other raisins moving away from you, but they'd be coming toward you if you lived in a raisin near the center of the cake.




Answer: B

By studying distant galaxies in the 1920s, Hubble made which of the following important discoveries that led us to conclude that the universe is expanding?

By studying distant galaxies in the 1920s, Hubble made which of the following important discoveries that led us to conclude that the universe is expanding?




A) All galaxies contain billions of stars, and all galaxies have spiral shapes.
B) All galaxies were born at the same time, and all will die at the same time.
C) All galaxies outside the Local Group are moving away from us, and the farther away they are, the faster they're going.
D) All galaxies outside the Local Group are orbiting the Local Group.
E) All galaxies outside the Local Group are moving away from us, and all are moving away at nearly the same speed.




Answer: C

From the fact that virtually every galaxy is moving away from us and more distant galaxies are moving away from us at a faster rate than closer ones, we conclude that

From the fact that virtually every galaxy is moving away from us and more distant galaxies are moving away from us at a faster rate than closer ones, we conclude that 



A) the Milky Way Galaxy is expanding.
B) we are located at the center of the universe.
C) the farthest galaxies will eventually be moving faster than the speed of light.
D) the universe is expanding.
E) the universe is shrinking.



Answer: D

The distribution of the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is determined by

The distribution of the mass of the Milky Way Galaxy is determined by 




A) counting the number of stars.
B) determining the amount of gas and dust.
C) studying how stars are distributed in the Milky Way.
D) studying the rotation of the galaxy.
E) weighing various parts of the Milky Way.


Answer: D

Most of the mass in the Milky Way Galaxy is located

Most of the mass in the Milky Way Galaxy is located 



A) in the halo (above/below the disk).
B) within the disk.
C) in the stars in the spiral arms.
D) in the gas and dust.
E) in the central bulge of the galaxy.


Answer: A

Which of the following statements about the Milky Way Galaxy is not true?

Which of the following statements about the Milky Way Galaxy is not true?





A) It contains between 100 billion and 1 trillion stars.
B) Our solar system is located very close to the center of the Milky Way Galaxy.
C) Our view of distant objects is obscured by gas and dust when we look into the galactic plane.
D) The galaxy is about 100,000 light-years in diameter.
E) One rotation of the galaxy takes about 200 million years.





Answer: B

Patterns of stars in constellations hardly change in appearance over times of even a few thousand years. Why?

Patterns of stars in constellations hardly change in appearance over times of even a few thousand years. Why? 




A) Stars are fixed and never move.
B) Stars move, but they move very slowly-only a few kilometers in a thousand years.
C) Although most stars move through the sky, the brightest stars do not, and these are the ones that trace the patterns we see in the constellations.
D) The stars in our sky actually move rapidly relative to us-thousands of kilometers per hour-but are so far away that it takes a long time for this motion to make a noticeable change in the patterns in the sky.
E) Stars within a constellation move together as a group, which tends to hide their actual motion and prevent the pattern from changing.




Answer: D

Which of the following statements about the ecliptic plane is not true?

Which of the following statements about the ecliptic plane is not true?



A) It is the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun.
B) It is the plane of the Moon's orbit around Earth.
C) During a solar eclipse, the Moon lies in the ecliptic plane.
D) During a lunar eclipse, the Moon lies in the ecliptic plane.
E) The nodes of the Moon's orbit lie in the ecliptic plane.




Answer: B

What is an astronomical unit?

What is an astronomical unit? 



A) the average speed of Earth around the Sun
B) the length of time it takes Earth to revolve around the Sun
C) the average distance from Earth to the Sun
D) the diameter of Earth's orbit around the Sun
E) any basic unit used in astronomy




Answer: C

On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed to 1 year, how long has human civilization (i.e., since ancient Egypt) existed?

On the scale of the cosmic calendar, in which the history of the universe is compressed to 1 year, how long has human civilization (i.e., since ancient Egypt) existed?




A) about half the year
B) about a month
C) a few hours
D) a few seconds
E) less than a millionth of a second


Answer: D

If you represented each star by a grain of sand, how much sand would it take to represent all the stars in the universe?

If you represented each star by a grain of sand, how much sand would it take to represent all the stars in the universe? 



A) all the sand in a typical playground sandlot
B) all the sand on Miami Beach
C) all the sand on the beaches of California
D) all the sand on the beaches in the United States
E) more than all the sand on all the beaches on Earth




Answer: E

How many galaxies are there in the observable universe?

How many galaxies are there in the observable universe? 




A) roughly (within a factor of 10) the same as the number of stars in our galaxy
B) roughly a thousand times more than the number of stars in our galaxy
C) about as many as the number of stars we see in the sky with our naked eyes
D) about as many as the number of grains of sand on all the beaches on Earth
E) an infinite number



Answer: A

Which of the following best describes the Milky Way Galaxy?

Which of the following best describes the Milky Way Galaxy? 




A) a spiral galaxy with a disk about 100,000 light-years in diameter and containing between 100 billion and 1 trillion stars
B) a spiral galaxy with a disk about 1 billion kilometers in diameter and containing between 100 million and 1 billion stars
C) a spiral galaxy with a disk about 100,000 light-years in diameter and containing about 100,000 stars
D) a spherically shaped collection of stars including our solar system and about a dozen other solar systems, stretching about 4 light-years in diameter
E) a spherically shaped collection of about 1 million stars that is about 100 light-years in diameter


Answer: A

Which of the following is largest?

Which of the following is largest? 




A) size of a typical galaxy
B) size of Pluto's orbit
C) distance to the nearest star (other than our Sun)
D) 1 light-year


Answer: A